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o As an alternative to fossil fuels, biomass can also be used for steam reforming. Reactions that are taking place in the reformer are as follows: 2CH4 + O2 + CO2 3H2 + 3CO + H2O. Maps, tools, and resources related to energy disruptions and infrastructure. The methane is then reacted with water at constant pressure and a temperature of between 800 and 900 degrees Celsius. advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925 C. We can denote the term autothermal reforming as ATR. Beyond the power generation needed to heat the industrial reactor, the reaction itself produced emissions. The disadvantage is the increased heat load resulting from the large endothermic reaction and the continuous supply of heat to the reaction. Majority of the worlds hydrogen gas is produced through steam reforming of natural gas. The two most common methods for producing hydrogen are steam-methane reforming and electrolysis (splitting water with electricity. A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. l Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. xxSEv%+$&)SJ3. The mixture is then converted to hydrogen under high heat and pressure. @4h\zz=7>.l~8O77:gdQ^eetzQs$ZJh{Gpl_OA/)6xz's0M'wp4q6cl.D8&Slz}x7n^\ M8L,Vd8Q@G|2"@y^8l`#BWM j7g"N@. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The reforming reaction takes place at high temperatures, making it slow to start up and requiring costly high-temperature materials. O %PDF-1.4 In addition, the production costs for steam reforming from biomass are very high. \II;)by93svuw*YsWonT\_{#%/VSb.Vk_.}Ri4s[|X/>|Sb;='H Researchers are exploring other hydrogen production methods or pathways. (2015), Introduction to hydrogen production, in Compendium of hydrogen energy, Vol. It is often supported by a catalyst or the required heat is generated by the combustion of the fuel. When the ATR uses carbon dioxide the H2:CO ratio produced is 1:1; when the ATR uses steam the H2:CO ratio produced is 2.5:1. However, we will add another important reaction to recover a little more dihydrogen using the carbon monoxide obtained previously: the Water-gas shift reaction (= catalytic conversion or vapor conversion of water): CO + H2O = CO2+H2. This improves the overall CO2 balance of the process. Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Hydrogen Production Pathways(public domain). [20], Partial oxidation (POX) occurs when a sub-stoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer creating hydrogen-rich syngas. [8] High excess of steam is required, expressed by the (molar) steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratio. Autothermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in a reaction with methane to form syngas. This procedure is called a water gas shift reaction: Although high-temperature heat must be supplied to implement steam reforming, it can be carried out autothermally. The use of alternative fuels promises lower emissions in steam reforming. 1. 0.5 xMO1|?B mi*U= XBTBZBDvRv'_{^{F/x>z"Ld1@ wCiR>X>F0"ht}X|Ni>q: S Additional disadvantages are the corrosiveness and high energy consumption of the process related to solvent regeneration. Definition: Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a chemical reaction consisting in extracting dihydrogen from methane using steam at high temperature (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bar). Read more about this topic: Methane Reformer, If we help an educated mans daughter to go to Cambridge are we not forcing her to think not about education but about war?not how she can learn, but how she can fight in order that she might win the same advantages as her brothers?Virginia Woolf (18821941). endstream endobj 64 0 obj <>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>>>/Name(Headers/Footers)/Type/OCG>> endobj 51 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 1 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 4 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>/Pattern<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 20 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 27 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 31 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 34 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 208 0 obj <>stream :;I-LFR0-.sBp:UC!M4,V,`Sku{ ;WVX~@m ;.Xg !55> ;XiJ0-!}yq}D7B Yfc~*kfr mp@]k9V? Wiley, 2014. POX produces less hydrogen per unit of the input fuel than steam reforming of the same fuel.[21]. <> Globally, 22% of hydrogen production is from coal gasification and 76% through steam methane reforming (SMR) from a natural gas source, however, in the U.S., the SMR process makes up 95% of the hydrogen market. Steam reforming Advantages: industrially mature, no oxygen needed, lowest process operation temperature Disadvantage: large volume of air emissions Autothermal reforming Advantage: low methane slip Steam reforming is a chemical process in which carbon monoxide reacts with water vapor. 47,N6, (Jun 2001): 1477. Biodiesel, renewable diesel, and other biofuels, Carbon capture, utilization, and storage research, Natural gas used as a feedstock for (U.S.) hydrogen production, Hydrogen for refineries is increasingly provided by industrial suppliers, Power-to-gas brings a new focus to the issue of energy storage from renewable sources, Using microbes that use light to make hydrogen, Converting biomass into gas or liquids and separating the hydrogen, Using solar energy technologies to split hydrogen from water molecules. + [Being economical and producing 99.9% pure hydrogen, a lot of Each of these techniques has advantages and disadvantages which must be considered in choosing a final design. Currently, 95% of global hydrogen is produced through a process of steam methane reforming (SMR) of fossil fuels, either coal or natural gas - referred to as 'grey' hydrogen. + Hydrogen production via Steam Methane Reforming graphic. ), (a) favorable thermodynamic equilibrium of the highly endothermic SMR reaction at the higher reaction temperature, (b) faster kinetics of the SMR reaction at higher temperatures, (c) favorable removal of CO2 from the reaction zone at lower temperatures, and (d) higher cyclic work capacity for CO2 chemisorption at higher temperature. Greenhouse gas data, voluntary reporting, electric power plant emissions. japan drier vs enamel hardener; is monto still with his girlfriend; grand hustle records address; myths that persist in our society; errant golf ball damage law florida Thus, the hydrogen fuel cell achieves an efficiency of about 60 percent. 2 The reaction takes place in a single chamber where the methane is partially oxidized. The capital cost of steam reforming plants is prohibitive for small to medium size applications because the technology does not scale down well. does debt settlement affect security clearance. Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925 C. There are several ways to improve the process: When it comes to price, estimates vary. 2 2015) The process is nevertheless expensive: sometimes more than 10%. The attractive features of the SOFC are its. Combination of partial oxidation and steam reforming. / 2010-05-05T17:24:31+02:00 Steam reacts with natural gas, producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. [16], In an effort to decarbonise hydrogen production, carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods are being implemented within the industry, which have the potential to remove up to 90% of CO2 produced from the process. [15], Globally, almost 50% of hydrogen is produced via steam reforming. The Advantages Steam reforming of natural gas offers an efcient, economical, and widely used process for hydrogen production, and provides near- and mid-term energy security and environmental benets. (Garcia 2015, p. 97 et seq. S By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. >L2v^(#ghE1 ex`Qn.eU:HQvN^*lD7u5r k FTLI)-0}Jn,6sY7T:eU|1: Optimal SMR reactor operating conditions lie within a temperature range of 800C to 900C at medium pressures of 20-30 bar. All information on cookies can be found in our data protection declaration, and in the imprint. Subscribe to feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in Energy and What's New. Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. endobj % Electrolysis is commonly used to demonstrate chemical reactions and hydrogen production in high school science classes. Menu Close There are several challenges associated with this technology: Challenges with reformers supplying fuel cells, Chemical looping reforming and gasification, "A review and comparative evaluation of thermochemical water splitting cycles for hydrogen production", "Mathematical modelling and simulation of the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane for economically improved hydrogen production", "Methane steam reforming, methanation and water-gas shift: I. Intrinsic kinetics", "The kinetics of methane steam reforming over a Ni/-Al2O catalyst", "Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability", "Hydrogen Production Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)", "Fact of the Month May 2018: 10 Million Metric Tons of Hydrogen Produced Annually in the United States", "Vinder af VIDENSKABENS TOP 5: Hydrogen og methanol uden energifrs", "Explaining successful and failed investments in U.S. carbon capture and storage using empirical and expert assessments", "A Comparative Exergoeconomic Evaluation of the Synthesis Routes for Methanol Production from Natural Gas", "FUELS HYDROGEN STORAGE | Chemical Carriers", "Hydrogen Production: Natural Gas Reforming", "Wrtsil Launches GasReformer Product For Turning Oil Production Gas Into Energy", "Method of operating a gas engine plant and fuel feeding system of a gas engine", Fossil fuel reforming not eliminating any carbon dioxides, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_reforming&oldid=1138418416. The reaction is strongly endothermic (HSR = 206 kJ/mol). m + 4. Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. POX is typically much faster than steam reforming and requires a smaller reactor vessel. o There are two types of devices as the steam reformer and autothermal reformer. The reaction is exothermic. Furnace designs vary, depending on the burner configuration they are typically categorized into: top-fired, bottom-fired, and side-fired. endobj endobj gXT% 2015)] (I put in brackets, since we are talking about methane here), The first step consists in desulfurizing the methane, the catalyst being very sensitive to sulfur compounds. R The most suitable and probably most important type of fuel cell for numerous applications is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. providing both advantages and disadvantages. Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. Then, it is the water gas shift (=catalytic conversion), which mobilizes two units. The reaction is exothermic due to the oxidation. The name-giving reaction is the steam reforming (SR) reaction and is expressed by the equation: [ advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas. [28] However, by turning the release of carbon dioxide into a point source rather than distributed release, carbon capture and storage becomes a possibility, which would prevent the carbon dioxide's release to the atmosphere, while adding to the cost of the process. Best Answer. 2 *kA3A{guoUQn\#VRP9a\98c|~N8I'4uCu=},w}cN!MGC 4JZ'4P&@ob.zhW 2IDF2dwPBO#l5A wq4]$s0y 5x>p'^R-}H)/+Q7Au^h]&{FE\p;'|K~n=Kk%4uRf"/V`;S`}PA!KHS\gw. The SMR plant produces lot of greenhouse gases emissions. Steam reforming (SR), sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) uses an external source of hot gas to heat tubes in which a catalytic reaction takes place that converts steam and lighter hydrocarbons such as methane, biogas or refinery feedstock into hydrogen and carbon monoxide (syngas). '8Ul|@0,}6Xi#ZdsfjN |=E]B]fll;oVk\mi}u yRZyy?KNy){d#y^NJ"j5hKY8o Via the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR), additional hydrogen is released by reaction of water with the carbon monoxide generated according to equation [1]: [ The reaction is represented by this equilibrium:[1]. Fossil fuels such as natural gas and petroleum or coal are usually used as feedstocks. [24], There is also interest in the development of much smaller units based on similar technology to produce hydrogen as a feedstock for fuel cells. This reaction takes place in a reformer vessel having a high pressure mixture of steam. Probably the major use/advantage of Methane is that it is what we call "Natural Gas," and as such is a MAJOR fuel worldwide! Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Phosphate, Difference Between Electroplating and Galvanisation, Difference Between Kaolinite and Montmorillonite, Difference Between Coking Coal and Thermal Coal. 41 4 charlatans polar bear; contests and sweepstakes ending soon; will ferrell characters snl; things you should know about usda rural rental housing; . H H 2015 write between 350 and 420C, but I kept the figure from Garcia 2015), The second unit is called LTS (low temperature shift) and uses a catalyst based on copper, zinc and aluminum. reforming in the near future [7]. [22] Reforming for combustion engines utilizes steam reforming technology for converting waste gases into a source of energy. Steam reforming is currently probably the most common large-scale industrial process for the production of hydrogen from carbonaceous resources such as natural gas and biomass. Madhu is a graduate in Biological Sciences with BSc (Honours) Degree and currently persuing a Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry. Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925C. The key difference between steam reforming and autothermal reforming is that steam reforming uses the reaction of hydrocarbons with water, whereas autothermal reforming uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in reaction with methane to form syngas. We will see the chemical reaction itself, then its practical dimensions. 15 0 obj endobj A zinc oxide bed is generally used for this. Hydrogen gas produced in this manner is useful in the industrial synthesis of ammonia and other chemicals. [ 11 0 R] The latter has a molar mass of 44g, 2g for dihydrogen. stream These filter out by-products such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane down to a few thousandths. On a large, commercial scale, the process may be referred to as power-to-gas, where power is electricity and hydrogen is gas. 1 xYY6~7G]r) ]. 4 Required fields are marked *. (Garcia 2015, p. 89 et seq. 5, Already around 70 percent of the hydrogen produced worldwide comes from steam reforming. O advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. Come test out some of the products still in development and let us know what you think! potential advantages of integrating SMR and thermochemical processes, such as reduced methane consumption, since the oxygen supply from the thermochemical cycle is not . Advantages and Disadvantages The capital cost of steam reforming plants is prohibitive for small to medium size applications because the technology does not scale down well. 1. Microsoft Word - _HP.4a_Naterer.doc View chapter Purchase book Bioconversion and Chemical Conversion of Biogas for Fuel Production Bo Zhang, . Steam methane reforming (SMF) is a chemical process where methane which is predominantly available in natural gas is reacted with steam under 3-25 bar pressure and high temperature (700C-1,000C) in the presence of a catalyst system. This reaction occurs in a single chamber where methane gets partially oxidized. Steam-methane reforming is a widely used method of commercial hydrogen production. 8 0 obj O Side by Side Comparison Steam Reforming vs Autothermal Reforming in Tabular Form 4 stream J Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. Here, methane is put into contact with steam in the presence of a nickel catalyst. l m A kilogram of hydrogen obtained from natural gas costs just under two euros. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The hydrogen is converted directly into electricity. J Steam reforming is the technique of producing syngas through the reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Estimates are generally that, in total, producing 1kg of H2 by steam methane reforming releases 8-10kg of CO2. Summary. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. <> W EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. {\displaystyle [4]\qquad \mathrm {CH} _{4}+0.5\,\mathrm {O} _{2}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm {CO} +2\,\mathrm {H} _{2}\qquad \Delta H_{R}=-24.5\ \mathrm {kJ/mol} }, The main difference between SMR and ATR is that SMR only uses air for combustion as a heat source to create steam, while ATR uses purified oxygen. endobj However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Tools to customize searches, view specific data sets, study detailed documentation, and access time-series data. R advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reformingray florets and disc florets are present in The heat can go up to 1073K (=800C) to reduce the risk of carbon residue forming. The PSA works by adsorbing impurities from the syngas stream to leave a pure hydrogen gas. endobj We will therefore only study the latter case. (Garcia 2015), Use catalysts in the form of membranes, which could fluidify the reaction and make a first purification. %PDF-1.4 % Future efforts in novel SRM system for value added products is intriguing. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In new vehicles we have today that is used to burn hydrogen,billions of natural gas (Methane)will be steam cracked into hydrogen for use as motor vehicle fuel. = The reaction that is taking place in this reformer is as follows: The above reaction is highly endothermic; it consumes energy from the surrounding. Hydrogen is used in the industrial synthesis of ammonia and other chemicals. To obtain pure hydrogen at the end, pressure swing adsorption systems or caustic absorption gas scrubbers are used. However, analyses have shown that even though it is more costly to construct, a well-designed SMR can produce hydrogen more cost-effectively than an ATR. ), Xiu G-H., Li P., Rodrigues A.E., (2002) Sorption-enhanced reaction process with reactive regeneration, Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 57, Issue 18, September 2002, Pages 3893-3908, Wi Y-J., Li P., Yuo J-G., Cunha A.F., Rodrigues A.E. + 13 0 obj What are the advantages of steam reforming? Under pressure and high temperatures, the hydrocarbons contained in the energy sources are then converted into methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. [25] Small-scale steam reforming units to supply fuel cells are currently the subject of research and development, typically involving the reforming of methanol, but other fuels are also being considered such as propane, gasoline, autogas, diesel fuel, and ethanol.[26][27]. [4], Steam reforming reaction kinetics, in particular using nickel-alumina catalysts, have been studied in detail since the 1950s.[5][6][7]. Reformers are devices useful in chemical synthesis of pure hydrogen gas from methane in the presence of a catalyst. 10 0 obj o An additional advantage of methanol is that it is easier to activate at low temperatures than other hydrocarbons. 3 Monthly and yearly energy forecasts, analysis of energy topics, financial analysis, congressional reports. When natural gas whose main component is methane (CH4) is used, the following reaction thus takes place during steam reforming: (methane + water vapor carbon monoxide + hydrogen). The gas cools, enters at 350C and leaves at 400-450C. uuid:b975d111-e89c-4425-8503-731ec5daef0b The reaction is conducted in multitubular packed bed reactors, a subtype of the plug flow reactor category. This usually runs on hydrogen obtained from methane or methanol by steam reforming. In addition, purification is very costly and offsets the emission advantage of biohydrogen. O The result would be a stream of 99.99% pure H2. <> For example, Pre-reforming is important if it is not pure methane. The main difference between SMR and ATR is that SMR only uses oxygen via air for combustion as a heat source to create steam, while ATR directly combusts oxygen. do you have to heat shop bought blinis? The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is represented by this equilibrium: + + The reaction is strongly endothermic (H SR = 206 kJ/mol). This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The advantage of ATR is that the H2:CO ratio can be varied, which can be useful for producing specialty products. 1 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 2/TrimBox[ 0 0 595.276 841.89]>> 2 One of the idea to make natural gas reforming low emissions, is to capture the carbon from the PSA tail gas (ex: Reddy & Vyas 2009) and other flue gas emitted by the reformer (= carbon capture and stockage). The capital cost of steam reforming plants is considered prohibitive for small to medium size applications. J 2. Forms EIA uses to collect energy data including descriptions, links to survey instructions, and additional information. The process of steam reforming to hydrogen usually uses natural gas or residues from the petroleum industry, which are enriched with steam. The efficiency of steam reforming (when natural gas is used) is about 60 to 70 percent.2". 2 Alkylation is not without its drawbacks though, while it yields no aromatics alkylation does require the use of highly concentrated acids, such as k breaking news kittanning, pa. true freshwater flounder; lululemon goals and objectives 3 Steam reforming is the most commonly used process for hydrogen production. H E` qiS 3, First, the long-chain hydrocarbons are split to form methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. FcF . According to Fossil Fuel Hydrogen, Technical, Economic and Environmental Potential, the price of hydrogen production by steam methane reforming, without a carbon capture device, would be between $0.55 and $2.04 /kg of H2 with a median of $1.3 . There are many different reformers in industries where autothermal reformer and steam methane reformer are the most common ones. 3 0 obj [2], Chemical looping reforming and gasification, AIA: Software Analyzes Cost of Hydrogen Production Archives ASSEMBLY, Harvest Energy Technology, Inc. an Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated company, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methane_reformer&oldid=1089761406, This page was last edited on 25 May 2022, at 14:13. Autothermal reforming is a technique in which oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam reacts with methane, producing syngas. Steam reforming yields a gas mixture whose energy content significantly exceeds that of the fuel used. madrid rapid covid test. HS]o@|W-~Ll'i7iTq.pGpbIkB2;;;{XgW+ When choosing the correct catalyst, it is important to use a catalyst having a high surface area to volume ratio because of the diffusion limitations that occur at high operating temperatures. Commercial hydrogen producers and petroleum refineries use steam-methane reforming to separate hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in methane (CH 4 2). 4 2 (2016), Progress on sorption-enhanced reaction process for hydrogen production, Reviews in Chemical Engineering Volume 32 Issue 3, 2016. To increase the hydrogen yield in steam reforming, the resulting carbon monoxide can be converted to carbon dioxide and even more hydrogen by a second reaction. Definition: Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a chemical reaction consisting in extracting dihydrogen from methane using steam at high temperature (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bar). These substances are then catalyzed to form hydrogen. Advantages: Methane is a natural gas so it is a major fuel. tv |m d2n3eN;Bxb>~E>BxCeQ2oWk2oXR!TT!c\}K WB5U3DR#'s 'ux#fm}Q9t.@L0O?HR|./_Ar_GL7+hPhEw>o{mVyj|TZ^V0>j]Z$utO'JxNsT:`LJC*Nq m The purpose of this reforming reaction is the production of pure hydrogen gas. 14 0 obj Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from? The carbon oxides are removed before use by means of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) with molecular sieves for the final purification. HWko__ Energy & Financial Markets: What Drives Crude Oil Prices? The most common catalyst shapes we can use include spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings having holes. Steam reforming is a means of producing hydrogen from a light hydrocarbon using high temperature steam (700-1000C) at moderate pressures (15-30 bars). This and more is described in the following article. O We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The reformer the fuel-cell system is still being researched but in the near term, systems would continue to run on existing fuels, such as natural gas or gasoline or diesel. 2 advantages and disadvantages of steam methane reforming. Biofuels and petroleum fuels are also potential hydrogen sources. z^*;Dw}_W]W ( 206 Finally, the last contaminants must be removed (unconverted CH4, CO residues, etc. <>>> Zero carbon emissions 'turquoise' hydrogen is produced by one-step methane pyrolysis of natural gas. Because almost any type of biomass is suitable for the process, the hydrogen output is very high. 1 Hydrogen production and purification, d. CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3 H 2 (1) Because . endobj 2015 write between 180 and 340C, but I kept the figure from Garcia 2015). [16] Despite this, implementation of this technology remains problematic, costly, and increases the price of the produced hydrogen significantly. Steam reforming is therefore a very important process, especially for fuel cell technology. [6][7] Commonly the direct steam reforming (DSR) reaction is also included: [ These reactors consist of an array of long and narrow tubes[10] which are situated within the combustion chamber of a large industrial furnace, providing the necessary energy to keep the reactor at a constant temperature during operation. The product of the reforming of natural gas, regardless of the process used for its realization, is a mixture of gases known . Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application. 7 0 obj endobj Hydrogen production: Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), Hydrogen production: Electrolysis, Gasification , dry steam reforming, using CO2 instead of steam: CH4 + CO2 = 2CO + 2H2 (enthalpy 247.3 kJ/mol), The decomposition of methane: CH4 = C + 2H2 (enthalpy 74.9 kJ/Mol), The Boudouard reaction, 2CO = C + CO2 (enthalpy 172.5 kJ/Mol).